The Concept and Scope of Geography
The concept of distance is related to location. Distance is usually also related to social and economic life and is relative. Example:
The price of land will be more expensive if the distance is close to the highway
The price of agricultural production will be more expensive in markets that are located far from the production center
The Concept of Affordability
The concept of affordability is closely related to the state of the earth's surface and the availability of transportation facilities and infrastructure. Example: Areas located in the depth of a dense forest will be isolated with outside areas because there is no access to get there.
Pattern Concept
The concept of the pattern is related to the spread of geosphere phenomena on the earth's surface. Example: Settlement patterns are usually related to the availability of natural resources, rivers, roads, land forms.
Morphological Concept
The concept of morphology is related to the shape of the earth's surface as a result of endogenous and exogenous energy. Example: Mountainous terrain is suitable for plantation agriculture.
The concept of agglomeration
The concept of agglomeration is related to the tendency to spread geographic objects on the surface of the earth. Example:
The existence of slums and elite areas
Industrial grouping somewhere (industrial agglomeration)
The Concept of Value of Use
The concept of usability is related to the benefits of phenomena that exist on the surface of the earth that are relative. Example: For some people a museum is an interesting place because it can provide a lot of information.
The concept of interaction (Interdependence)
The concept of interaction deals with the relationship between geosphere phenomena. Example: because of differences in needs, there is interaction between cities and villages.
Area Differentiation Concept
The concept of area differentiation relates to differences in patterns between regions on the surface of the earth, with special features that can be distinguished from other regions. Example: The amount of rainfall in regions in Indonesia is different from one another, there are areas that have a lot of rainfall, moderate, and little.
Spatial Linkage
Spatial linkage means the relationship between the spread of a phenomenon with other phenomena somewhere. Example:
Public transportation in the city of Bogor is dominated by the type of public transportation because the area has bumpy and hilly terrain. Unlike Jakarta, which has a flat surface, the type of public transportation in Jakarta is dominated by buses.
Because the mountains have cool temperatures, tea and coffee can grow well.
The Nature and Scope of Geography
In essence, geography studies are spatial studies on the phenomena and problems of human life that are compiled from the results of observation by analyzing human phenomena, natural phenomena and their distribution and interactions in space. To show and explain phenomena on the surface of the earth starting by asking 6 (six) key questions , i.e. what, where, when, why, who (m) and how (5W1H). The main question is to explain:
WHAT phenomenon is happening
WHERE the phenomenon occurs
WHEN the phenomenon occurs
WHY that phenomenon occurs
WHO is experiencing
HOW efforts are overcome
The Object of Geography Study and Its Explanation
Basically, our inhabited Earth is the object of geography studies. In the object of study can be divided into material objects and formal objects. For more details on each object, see the review below.
Object of Geography Study
Material Objects
These material objects include the location and symptoms or phenomena that occur and occur in the geosphere. For the geographical location, it is divided into physiographic location and sociographic location. Examples of geographic location are astronomical, maritime, climatological and geomorphological locations; sociographic location examples are social, economic, political and cultural locations.
Material objects relate to physical landscapes and human (cultural) landscapes. The physical landscape or natural environment includes the atmosphere (meteorology and climatology), lithosphere (geology, geomorphology and pedology), hydrosphere (oceanography and hydrology), and biosphere (botany and zoology). Cultural landscape or human environment includes social geography, population geography, urban geography, economic geography and others.
Formal Objects
In this object is a way of looking and thinking about material objects from a geographic point of view, a way of looking and thinking about material objects in terms of spatial, environmental and regional complexes, as well as time.
Spatial Viewpoints
In this angle through a spatial perspective, formal objects are viewed in terms of the value of a place of various interests. From this we can learn about location, distance, affordability (accessibility) and so on.
Environmental Viewpoints
This viewpoint is applied by studying a place in relation to the condition of a place and its components within a single territory. These components consist of abiotic and biotic components.
Territorial Viewpoints
In this perspective, formal objects are studied in similarities and differences between regions and regions with special characteristics. From this point of view, regional zones such as desert regions emerge, namely regions that have similar characteristics in atmospheric components.
Viewpoint of Time
Formal objects are studied in terms of development over periods of time or developments and changes over time. Example: the development of the region from year to year and the condition of the coastline from time to time.
Prof. Bintarto (1981) -, Geography is the study of the causal relationships of phenomena on the surface of the earth, both physical and related to the life of living things and their problems through spatial, environmental, and regional approaches for the benefit of programs, processes and development success.
Richard Hartshorne, Geography is a discipline that describes and interprets the characteristics of variables from one place to another on the surface of the earth as a place for human life.
James Fairgrive (1966), Geography has educational value that can educate humans to think critically and be responsible for the advances of the world. He also believes that maps are very important to answer the question "where" from various aspects and geographic symptoms.
Frank Debenham (1950), Geography is the science in charge of interpreting the distribution of facts, finding relationships between human life and the physical environment, explaining the power of interaction between humans and nature.
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