Learning Objectives of Geography
a. As knowledge, geography aims to develop basic geographic concepts related to spatial patterns and processes; develop knowledge, opportunities and limitations of natural resources to be utilized; develop basic concepts of geography related to the surrounding environment and regions of the country or the world.
b. As a skill, geography aims to develop skills in observing the physical environment, social environment, and built environment; develop skills in collecting, recording data and information related to spatial aspects; develop analytical skills, synthesis, tendencies, and results from the interaction of various geographical phenomena.
c. As an attitude, geography aims to raise awareness of changes in geographic phenomena that occur in the surrounding environment; develop a protective attitude and responsibility towards environmental quality; develop sensitivity to problems in the utilization of resources; develop an attitude of tolerance towards social and cultural differences; realize the love of the motherland and national unity.
Geographical Characteristics
1) Geography sees the surface of the earth as the environment of human life and the environment that influences human life.
2) Geography looks at the spread of humans in space and how space with all its resources.
3) Geography sees the characteristics of an area so that the similarities and differences of the regions on the surface of the earth can be seen clearly.
4) In studying a phenomenon or phenomenon, geography always relates it to the elements of the location, distance, distribution, interrelation, movement, and regionalization of an area.
Geographical Aspects
1. Topology aspects, including elements of the location, boundaries, area and shape (morphology) of an area.
2. Nonbiotic aspects, including elements of soil conditions, hydrology (water system) both land and sea waters and climate conditions of an area.
3. Biotic aspects, including elements of vegetation (plants or flora), animals (fauna) and population studies.
4. Social aspects, including elements of tradition, customs, communities, community groups and social institutions.
5. Economic aspects, including elements of agriculture, plantation, mining, fisheries, industry, trade, transportation and markets.
6. Cultural aspects, including the study of elements of education, religion, language and art.
7. Political aspects, including elements of government and party that occur in life in society.
Branch of Geography
a. Physical Geography
Physical geography studies the landscape (landscape), which is the space part of the earth's surface formed by the interaction and interdependence of land forms. The main concern of physical geography is the life layer of the physical environment, which is the thin zone of land and sea in which there are most life phenomena.
1) Meteorology and Climatology
Study the symptoms of weather and climate in the atmosphere.
2) Oceanography
Science and exploratory studies about the ocean and all aspects contained therein. These aspects such as sediments, rocks that form the seabed, interactions between the sea and the atmosphere, the movement of sea water, and the energy that causes the movement of both internal and external energy.
3) Hydrology and Hydrography
Hydrology studies the movement and distribution of water on earth. Hydrography is a branch of physical geography that deals with research and mapping of water on the surface of the earth.
4) Geology and Geomorphology
Geology explains how the earth was formed and how it has changed over time. Geomorphology studies the shape of the land surface and the history of its formation.
5) Soil Science and Soil Geography
Soil science is the study of the intricacies or properties of soil. Soil Geography is the study of soil, such as its nature, genesis, distribution, and application to human life.
6) Biology and Biogeography
Biology is the study of the world of plants and animals. Biogeography is the study of the spread of organisms in space and time, as well as the factors that influence, limit, or determine the pattern of distance distribution.
b. Human Geography
Human geography studies humans in space, including population, population distribution, population dynamics, economic, political, social and cultural activities. Branches of human geography, including the following:
1) Economics and Economic Geography
Economics is the study of human endeavors to achieve prosperity, its symptoms, and the interrelationships of these efforts. Economic geography discusses how human businesses exploit natural resources, produce merchandise, location patterns, and the distribution of industrial activities.
2) Political Science and Political Geography
Politics is an activity in a country that is related to the process of determining choices in achieving goals by that country. Political geography studies the political units, territories, borders and capital of a region with elements of national power and international politics.
3) Population Demographics and Geography
Demography is the study of the state and dynamics of population changes. Population geography is a branch of the discipline of geography that presents variations in the quality of space in demographics and nondemography of the population.
In addition, population geography studies social and economic consequences that originate from a series of interactions with a specific set of conditions contained therein given by a unit or area.